World Religions News

(RNS) — After eliminating about 180 faith groups from its list of recognized religions, the Department of Defense moved quickly to revise the list once again on Monday (June 8) in response to criticism from various religious groups.

The most updated list dropped the word “Christian” from 19 categories after pressure from two Utah senators and others who objected to a missing “Christian” label beside the name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Defense Department also dropped the category “Christian-Other.”

“The Pentagon list included redundant and unnecessary labeling, and the mistake has been fixed,” the DOW Rapid Response X account tweeted, which also listed the updated religious affiliation codes.

The Defense Department under Secretary Pete Hegseth last month pared down the list of recognized religious labels in the military from 211 to a mere 31 — the vast majority of which are various Christian denominations.

On Monday, the list included 30 faiths.

Rep. Jamie Raskin, D-Md., the co-chair of the Congressional Freethought Caucus, called the revised list “completely un-American and unconstitutional,” pointing to the First Amendment, which prevents the government from establishing a national religion and allows individuals to freely practice their faith.

“Religious faith in America is not meant to be managed by the government,” Raskin said in a phone call with RNS. “It’s meant to be respected and honored by the government, but not managed, much less reduced and shrunk down.”

The narrowed list ignited as much outrage from atheists, humanists, pagans, Wiccans and druids, Unitarian Universalists, deists and a host of other new age religions excluded. Members of these minority faiths told RNS their exclusion from the new list was an affront to their sincerely held beliefs by a defense secretary who seems eager to impose his own beliefs on the military.

“When someone tries to erase, cover up, or hide the diversity present in the military, they lose out on part of what makes the military amazing,” wrote Irene Glasse, a retired Marine and a Wiccan in a Facebook post. “We are a complicated mix of people from different backgrounds, regions, cultures, perspectives, classes, races, genders, and religions. It’s a big part of what makes us so effective. Diversity is a feature, not a bug.”

The change, announced May 20 via a memo from Undersecretary of Defense Anthony J. Tata, was not publicly shared until military.com reported on it June 4. The memo said the changes should take effect within 60 days.

Sean Parnell, chief Pentagon spokesman, posted on X that the move does not reflect any official designation but rather seeks to assist chaplains providing spiritual care.

“This decrease in religious affiliation codes is not designed to make any claims on the legitimacy of any faith or religious belief, nor is it intended to provide a list of ‘officially approved’ religions,” his post reads. “The Department of War places a high value on the First Amendment and the free exercise of religion. Chaplains play an instrumental role in providing spiritual care and facilitating the Warfighters’ ability to freely exercise their religion of choice, or no religion at all.”

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints immediately questioned why their faith was listed separately from the ones labeled as Christian.

“If only we, as Latter-day Saints, belonged to a church that had ‘Jesus Christ’ in its name and His image in its logo … Oh wait,” reads a post from Republican Sen. Mike Lee of Utah, accompanied by an image of Jesus on the church’s logo. In a video “imploring” Hegseth to change the listing, he called the change “repugnant.” He also posted that he had discussed the matter with President Donald Trump.

Later, he thanked the Defense Department for its update, saying he was “grateful to @SecWar Hegseth for correcting the error.”

Of the 30 faiths in the new recognized list, 20 are Christian denominations. The remainder include Buddhists, Jews, Baha’is, Muslims, Sikhs and people in broad categories of “no religion” or “other religions.” Among the Christian denominations, there is no distinction between various Presbyterian, Lutheran or Baptist denominations, which differ significantly on theological issues.

“There are definitely denominations here, Christian denominations, that are not listed,” said Gen. Steve Schaick, who served as Air Force chief of chaplains from 2018 to 2021, when asked by RNS about the newest list. He noted the speed with which the document has been “evolving” was highly unusual.

Members of Wiccan and other earth-based religions said the cuts to recognized faiths would make it far more difficult, if not impossible, for active-duty military personnel to request a day off for a religious holiday, have access to their faith’s sacred books or get permission to gather for a religious service or study. It would also make it far more difficult for military personnel to select a chaplain to provide active military personnel with pastoral care, they argued. 

“A disgrace” “a deliberate rebuke” and “an insult” were among the reactions on social media and in emails from members of minority faiths who had served in the military.

In a March video, Hegseth spoke of a narrower religious affiliation list, saying it was part of the reform of the chaplain corps, which he said had been “infected by political correctness and secular humanism.”

“Faith and virtue were traded for self-help and self-care,” Hegseth said, adding that “a war fighter needs more than a coping mechanism. They need truth, big T truth. They need conviction, they need a shepherd.”

To some people of minority faiths, Hegseth’s words raised fears the military might try to convert service members to a particular brand of evangelical faith, similar to Hegseth’s own evangelical Reformed tradition.

“Pete Hegseth has no idea what a chaplain does,” said Fish Stark, executive director of the American Humanist Association. “He seems to think that they’re meant to enforce his conservative Christian views, but really a chaplain’s job is to support members of the military, or wherever they serve in spiritual care, in the context of their own religious beliefs.”

Others went further, saying the cuts to as many as 180 faith traditions was an attempt to impose Christian nationalism on the military.

“This is part and parcel of that ideology,” said Nick Fish, president of American Atheists. “There are only certain people that count as authentically American. They want everybody to fit neatly in this box, and they want those boxes to be essentially evangelical Christians, and others.”

The ranks of atheists have climbed in the military, comprising up to 2% of service members, far higher than Jews and Muslims, who make up about 0.4% each, according to a military demographic study from 2019. That study found about 70% of active-duty personnel consider themselves Christian.

On Monday, American Atheists filed a Freedom of Information Act request to the Department of Defense seeking official records on how this decision was made.

When the Department of Defense expanded its list in 2017, it more than doubled the number of religions it recognized. There were previously just over 100.

The Department of Defense did not respond to requests from RNS for additional comment.

Schaick said the new list may be a way to assist military recruits who may have found filling out an entrance form with a large array of religious choices “exceedingly difficult for a generation that cannot distinguish the term Protestant from Lutheran.”

But he added that the new approach could prevent the tracking of numbers of subgroups and affect the diversity of the chaplains corps.

Others said it was unbecoming of the government to tell service members what faiths it recognizes.

“My entire time in uniform, I wore dogtags with the word ‘Wiccan’ below my name, number, and blood type,” said Jonathan White, a retired captain from the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps.

The elimination of so many faith traditions from the list, he said, “feels like an explicit dis-invitation to so many people who have served in the military and uniformed services. It’s not an accidental omission, but a deliberate rebuke.”

(Heather Greene contributed to this report.)

(RNS) — I was an Air Force journalist during the first Gulf War. I remember what military life looked like before the military acknowledged that pagan service members existed and had legitimate religious needs.

Back then, the consequences showed up in very practical ways: A pagan recruit in basic training had no services to attend, deployed service members had little hope of finding spiritual support and families of the fallen fought for years simply to have their religious symbols placed on their loved one’s headstones.  

This is why the Department of Defense’s recent decision to eliminate more than 180 religious affiliation codes has me deeply concerned. People who haven’t served may not understand what the big deal is about removing the religious codes and just lumping them all in as “other.”  

Codes are everything in the military. Your job specialty has a code. Your medical status has a code. Equipment has codes. Training has codes. The military is perhaps the most structured bureaucracy in America. If it doesn’t have a code, it doesn’t exist. 

The Pentagon states these religious codes help chaplains understand the religious makeup of their units. If pagans, druids, heathens and dozens of other minority faith groups are now grouped together as “other,” how does that help chaplains understand who they are serving? 

We’re not talking about a handful of service members. Estimates suggest roughly 15,000 pagans, heathens and druids serve in the military today, according to data from the Air Force and Marines, a population similar in size to Jewish, Muslim or Buddhist service members. Under the new policy, those service members are now grouped into a generic “other” category and are effectively invisible.

I remember what it looked like when the military couldn’t see us.  

When I went through Air Force basic training in 1989, pagan wasn’t a recognized option. There were no services or spaces for pagans to meet or worship. There was no spiritual counseling available because there was no code. No code means no counting. No counting means no planning. No planning means no resources.

Basic training is one of the most stressful experiences many young people ever go through. The days are long, the pressure is constant, you’re away from family and friends, every aspect of your life is controlled by someone else and you cannot leave.

On Sundays, recruits were allowed to attend religious services. They came back refreshed after spending time with clergy and people who shared their beliefs and values. Pagans, as well as other minority religions, didn’t have that option. 
 
After the code for pagan was added in 2017, the military could identify them as a distinct community. Pagan lay leaders were appointed to help organize services and activities. Groups could request space in base chapels and other facilities. Commanders and chaplains had a way to see that a pagan population existed and plan accordingly. Volunteer pagan clergy were allowed on base to conduct services and provide fellowship and spiritual support for trainees. That’s what a code accomplishes in the military. 

Having recognition didn’t just affect chaplain support. It had ripple effects throughout the military.  

Take the outdoor worship circle at the Air Force Academy. It exists because the academy recognized pagan cadets as a distinct religious community with distinct religious needs. That recognition gave pagan cadets a dedicated worship space, the ability to host retreats and a seat on the Cadet Interfaith Council. None of that was accidental — it was the downstream consequence of being counted.  

While no one is suggesting the circle will be bulldozed, what happens going forward? Will pagans still be able to apply for use of the space? Will they, and other minority faiths that have lost their code, lose their seat on the council? How do military leaders determine demand for minority-faith facilities if the communities using them are no longer separately tracked?

The impact of recognition wasn’t limited to basic training, deployment or military life. It also mattered after a service member’s death. 

After my service ended, as a religion reporter for The Wild Hunt, a publication covering paganism, I covered the decades-long effort to secure pagan symbols on military headstones. This was known as the Pentacle Quest. 
 
In 2007, the Department of Veterans Affairs finally approved the pentacle as a symbol for military headstones. This decision stemmed from decades of activism combined with a lawsuit just to grant fallen pagan service members the same dignity and recognition afforded to everyone else. 

Currently, if a family requests a pentacle for a fallen service member, the Department of Veterans Affairs checks the soldier’s official military personnel file for their religious code. If the religious code matches the family request, the headstone is approved automatically. 
 
Under the new policy, a pagan military member’s official record will list them as having “no religion” or “other.” When their family requests a pagan headstone, if the VA’s records check fails to find the matching code, the families will have to prove the veteran’s “sincerely held belief” through some other way not yet defined because the military itself stopped generating the primary proof of that faith. 
 
The Pentacle Quest wasn’t about getting a code in a database. It was about everything that flowed from that label. The military spent decades learning how to identify and support minority-faith service members.

What happens, in a system built on codes, when your code disappears?

(Cara Schulz is a former U.S. Air Force military broadcaster and reporter for The Wild Hunt who lives in Burnsville, Minnesota. She currently is an author and serves on Burnsville City Council. The opinions expressed in this commentary do not necessarily reflect those of Religion News Service.)

(RNS) — Democrats in Congress condemned a recently formed congressional group that claims Islamic religious law is a growing threat in the United States, calling it a “hateful caucus” that discriminates against American Muslims.

In a letter on Monday (June 8), 119 congressional members lodged their opposition to the group to House and Senate leaders, marking the first time Democrats officially responded to the Sharia-Free America Caucus since Republican members launched it last December. 

“The premise underlying this caucus and the measures associated with it reflects longstanding Islamophobic narratives and anti-Muslim sentiment rather than any demonstrated policy need,” the Democratic lawmakers wrote. 

The caucus targeting Sharia, or Islamic religious law, harkens back to anti-Muslim movements that flourished during the post-9/11 era and the early 2010s. 

Led by Republican U.S. Reps. Chip Roy and Keith Self of Texas, the caucus has steadily grown to at least 66 House members from 25 states. 

Caucus members have introduced several related House bills in recent months, including the Preserving a Sharia-Free America Act and No Shari’a Act, the latter of which aims to ban Sharia in cases where it would “violate constitutional rights, and for other purposes” according to its summary. Critics say it would deny Muslims their right to free speech and freedom of religion.

Reached by RNS via email, Rep. Riley Moore, R-W. Va., a member of the caucus, said he wasn’t surprised that Democrats are “defending” Sharia law, which he said is a “cultural and religious insurgency deployed with the goal of destroying the most critical pillar that western civilization rests on: Christianity.”

For Muslims, Sharia is a sacred law that guides their personal lives. It includes rules for charity, prayer, pilgrimage, inheritance and marriage. Arabic for “the path to water,” Sharia also includes criminal law, though Muslim American scholars have consistently said those laws do not apply in non-Muslim countries and do not supersede U.S. law. 

In the letter, Democratic Congress members asked House and Senate leaders, who play a role in determining what bills advance, not to schedule floor time for legislation affiliated with the caucus.

The bills “address no identifiable gap in U.S. law” and raise First Amendment violation concerns, Democrats wrote in the letter. 

“Congress must not legitimize anti-Muslim proposals that undermine those protections or foster division among the people we represent,” the letter continued. 

A House judiciary subcommittee, led by caucus co-founder Roy, held two hearings in February and May about why Sharia is “incompatible with the U.S. Constitution.”

The U.S. Council of Muslim Organizations, an umbrella organization that claims to represent over 50 Muslim groups, condemned the hearings in May, saying House Republicans are “inciting hatred against American Muslims” and “using Muslims as a political football to win elections.”

Discriminatory content targeting Muslims across social media platforms has escalated “at an alarming pace” this year, according to an analysis by the Center for the Study of Organized Hate, a nonprofit think tank based in Washington, D.C.

In recent months, some Democratic lawmakers have individually condemned brazen anti-Muslim comments from caucus members, including Rep. Andy Ogles’ (Tenn.) social media site X comment that “Muslims don’t belong in American society” and Rep. Randy Fine’s (Fla.) recommendation on X to “destroy” mainstream Muslims. 

The Democratic show of opposition was led by Rep. James E. Clyburn, S.C., who is chair of the Democratic Faith Working Group; Sen. Chris Van Hollen, Md.; Reps. André Carson, Ind., Rosa DeLauro, Conn., Jerry Nadler, N.Y., Hank Johnson, Ga. and Ro Khanna, Calif.